A. C. about 12. In all legalistic departments, officers are expected to make a lot of arrests and write a lot of citations. C. 24.8 percent B. automobile patrol. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. C. bicycle patrol. WebThis style emphasizes the internal role, but focuses more on leading than managing. Broderick believed that while some officers viewed law enforcement as their most important function, other officers viewed themselves as public servants. What was one of the findings of the 1973 Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment? In general, this scene demonstrates how devoted she is to committing herself to the throne and defying Gods judgment to overthrow a divinely chosen king. A typical response to any problem is that it is not police business and there is little the police can do to resolve the matter. A Metropolitan Police officer will face assault charges over the arrest of a man who clambered up the side of a 15-storey tower block in a dramatic police chase. B. diversity in hiring A. job stress. B. B. Idealists place a high value on both due process and the need for social order. Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. The broken windows model of policing is most relevant to the service provision role of the police. It automatically involves the use of racial, ethnic, and gender quotas in hiring applicants. Roberg, Roy, K. Novak, and G. Cordner. C. patrol work. C. have served in the U.S. military for two years or more. The emergency system of 911 was introduced by the Police personalities and policing styles areinformal approaches to police work and represent ways that police officers do their jobs. They tend to be unique for each police department and police officer and can change from situation to situation. _____ is defined as unwanted sexual advances; offensive, sexually related behavior such as suggesting a sexual affair or commenting on a female officer's body; or discrimination in assignments or promotion. The departmental style influences every aspect of police work in that jurisdiction, ranging from hiring and promotional decisions, everyday police-community interactions, and budget decisions and resource allocation to police strategies and identification of crime problems within the jurisdiction. D. who have a higher IQ than other applicants. C. the BFOQs that must be enforced by an employer. B. arrival time. B. two-officer patrol cars had fewer complaints against them by the public. The professional style is nonselective as well as nonaggressive. C. increased significantly in recent years. With this style, police officers judge the seriousness of violations by examining the immediate and personal consequences of the offense rather than the legal status of the offense. B. Service police departments place a high emphasis on community opinion and public relations. These are called FTO programs, which stands for WebIn the service style of policing law enforcement tries its best to meet the needs of the community. In the proactive situation a police officer takes the initiative to get involved. A. C. some college education A total of _____ said they would not. In community policing, the role of the police is to solve problems. The watchman style emphasizes order and informal methods. C. "crime control" values and "due process" values. C. these assignments result in a direct pay rise of 50 percent in their salaries. Explore the definitions and differences of each of these policing styles in detail using examples to see the advantages and disadvantages of their use in various communities. C. two-officer patrol cars had fewer officers killed than one-officer cars. The province's police watchdog the Alberta Serious Incident Response Team (ASIRT) is investigating the use of force during the arrest, which Edmonton Police Service said happened around midnight on Feb. 22. C. with lower qualifications. First, situa-tional factors have been found to influence behavior to a far greater degree than other factors. D. 20-30 percent, The total response time between the commission of a crime and the moment a police officer arrives at the scene of the crime includes four separate parts. A. is able to pay and retain all of its police applicants through the first two years of employment. C. hot spot. A. Supreme Court rulings. Service Style Lastly, lets explore the service policing style. D. Miami. A. B. B. is teaching at the police academy. C. They are more likely to punish patrol officers. D. answer time. D. They like to be heavily involved in the field alongside subordinates while controlling patrol officer behavior. Finally, avoiders, realists, and service style II police officers would best fit into Wilsons watchman style department. B. Boston D. potential danger. A. A. insiders. 14x46x3+9x714 x^4-6 x^3+9 x-7 C. make fewer arrests than other officers. D. rate busting. Sometimes wide discretion can be interpreted as discrimination. D. All of the answers are correct. D. discovery patrol, Most police agencies today rely on _____ as one of the most common strategies used to respond to crime in hot spots, or in those areas that receive a high volume of calls for service. C. relations with the community D. It involves developing a recruitment plan to correct any underutilization of minorities in organizations. What do measures of variability tell a psychologist about research results? A. discovery time Police Jurisdiction Laws & Exceptions | Can Police Enforce Federal Law? Police agencies with a legalistic orientation focused strictly on law enforcement activities, whereas those with a service style focused on providing needed services to residents and business owners. Challenges to meeting the intelligence needs of OIE fall into six categories: Brown, Michael. While departmental policing styles do influence individual performance and behavior, police officers have their own unique policing styles. Which of the following statements is most likely true about the scenario? D. Routine patrol has no effect on crime. B. detective work B. at the same rates. C. workload of officers. Table 1. B. background investigations. D. be at least 21 years old. Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. Prepare journal entries for the following: A result of public hostility and group solidarity is It is the process for weeding out unqualified recruits. B. group solidarity. D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, D. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, A _____ program might involve instruction to look for specific persons or types of crimes, or to patrol certain areas intensively. C. used in determining who gets to attend college classes in policing. C. role partners. B. police accountability. D. observe how police probationary officers assimilate into the community. Let's look at an example of how each time of service would handle a single situation. Which of the following is NOT a time period that occurs between the commission of a crime and the arrival of an officer on the scene? A. based on the performance of police officers in field training. B. the potential for exciting work, particularly crime-fighting tasks. B. the halo effect. Dragnet was the first popular crime and police television drama, and featured Sergeant Joe Friday and his no-nonsense catchphrase 'Just the facts, ma'am'. Administration and Management in Criminal Justice: A Service Quality Approach, Third Edition emphasizes the proactive techniques for administration professionals by using a service quality lens to address administration and management concepts in all areas of the criminal justice system. 911 policing is reactive and limited to isolated incidents. C. variations in the level of patrol had no significant impact on crime. A. observe the relation of academy training to on-the-job training. WebThe class emphasizes the FTOs role in assisting new officers in applying the knowledge and skills acquired during basic training. 43 percent The recommended number of officers for a sergeant to supervise is D. culture surprise. WebThe Nature of the Police Wilson identified three styles of policing: watchman style, legalistic style, and service style. D. the experience a new police officer has on the firing range. Deeds and Walkers legislation would extend this penalty to a person who calls somewhere else, like a school, which then reports the emergency to 911. B. the effectiveness of patrol activities D. travel time, What is the easiest way for a patrol officer to avoid work? B. the field of operations community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and crime itself. WebThe style of policing that emphasizes responsiveness to community expectations and is generally found in suburban police departments is called service style. D. 82 percent. Have you ever watched an old episode of 'The Andy Griffith Show'? D. secrecy leads to continued racism within the department. See also: Order Maintenance; Role of the Police; Theories of Policing. The service style uses informal methods to interact with and aid the public. The service style of policing emphasizes police as problem-solvers such community policing stresses addressing social problems and neighborhood concerns Which of the following statements is true about affirmative action? D. affirmative action. In these departments, police officers are asked to perform an array of nontraditional police functions and often have little outside assistance to complete them (Weisheit, Falcone, and Wells 1999). Types of Individual Policing Styles. A. Illinois Patrol Effectiveness Study C. attitudes that are incompatible with good police work. The new recruitment process now provides equal employment opportunity for both men and women applicants. It uses an aggressive crime-fighting method for policing neighborhoods. B. it cannot prevent a police officer from applying for a job in another state in the United States. D. a system that allows patrol supervisors to monitor emergency calls, B. a system that allows police to call citizens in a particular neighborhood with important information, The inefficiency of foot patrol coverage is offset by anticipated gains in what area? Roughly three minutes of body camera footage and 911 call recordings Stockton police released Tuesday appears to show the mental distress a 33-year-old veteran was experiencing during a more than 25-minute standoff before officers shot him to death on Jan. 10. A. A. have fewer complaints against them than other officers. A. patrol duty D. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Policing styles,whether departmental or individual, play an important role in understanding police attitudes and behaviors. A cash count shows$26.48 in the petty cash box. 40 percent 53 percent B. these assignments help police officers gain promotion to higher rank. B. observe performance and dismiss those whose performance is unsatisfactory. B. supportive supervisors D. female officers establish relationships with coworkers that make for more harmonious work environments. D. emphasizes the dignity of each human being. Departmental policing styles are influenced by the mission and goals of the department, the needs of the town or jurisdiction, and residents views of the role of the police in their community. B. prime players. Kompolnas chairman Benny Mamoto said pros and cons in this matter were inevitable. D. often causes significant psychological stress to the test takers. A. with a distinct minority status. The _____ compares a police department's workforce with the racial and ethnic composition of the community it serves. 911 policing is proactive and problem-oriented. A. reciprocators. These three styles help give order to the community, whether its in an informal way of dealing with a dispute or having an arrest occur. If the criminal justice system is working properly, it is difficult for officers Opponents of affirmative action argue that it lowers personnel standards by forcing an employer to hire applicants The behavioral decision focuses on how to intervene, not whether to intervene. D. It enables officers to have more personal contact with neighborhood residents. D. is no longer a problem since we have achieved equality. WebPolice: Streetcorner Politicians and it identifies four types of officers: - First are the professional-style officers - Enforcers - Reciprocators - Avoiders First are the A. Police officers prefer to provide assistance rather than be warriors against crime. C. 3 D. the nature of police work. As we see an unprecedented flow of migration we have to do three things. Wilson, James Q. Which of the following statements is true about traditional supervisors? Feb. 28ALBANY Albany Police Department officials announced in separate news releases sent Tuesday that four suspects had been arrested in cases involving domestic violence, sexual assault, and hit and run. To gain practical experience under the supervision of veteran police officers, a newly trained police recruit works with a, The size and quality of the applicant pool in a police department depend on the department's, Surveys of recruits and new police officers consistently indicate they choose law enforcement as a career for two main reasons namely. D. shift work has no effect on officers' health and job performance. The legalistic style of policing emphasizes crime control over crime prevention and use discretion to keep order. A. the provision of services. D. Denver. B. B. be at least 6 feet tall. By their nature, rural and small-town police departments afford their officers the most discretion and are most likely to fit the watchman style. Proactive Policing Strategies & Examples | What is Proactive Policing? The legalistic style places an emphasis on violations of law and relies on threats of arrest or actual arrests. Most police patrol in the United States today involves C. who fail to get into high-ranking jobs because of the barrier of glass ceiling in police departments. B. to act in a discriminatory manner against minorities. CAPRA and SARA are acronyms that relate to the methodology of police problem solving. Most police officers prefer coveted assignments because Working the street: Police discretion and the dilemmas of New York: Russell Sage. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The service style of policing is based on order maintenance. These are the watchman and legalistic. Police officers oppose lateral entry primarily because A department cannot mix multiple policing styles. A. Muirs passion, Brodericks due process of law, and Browns selection of enforcement center on police officers decisions to strictly enforce the law. C. AT&T A. emphasizes overly aggressive policing. C. increased significantly in recent years. B. directed patrol C. future trainee officer. Suburban communities want the police to maintain public order and intervene whenever possible but tend to prefer informal outcomes to arrests. D. None of the answers is correct. this style is primarily concerned with C. emphasizes community policing. Herbert Packer defines the tension between the demand for results and the rule of law as a conflict between Which of the following statements is true about the probationary period of police officers? D. allow the police to call the citizens in a neighborhood to extract information about future crimes. _____ involves a difficult trade-off between efficiency and community relations. B. A. to act solely on the basis of their personal prejudices. 85-95 percent C. crime scene investigation officers B. drug testing. The three styles are: watchman; legalistic; and service. C. hang-ups/pranks This may be because these departments carry out many non-traditional police functions and don't have many outside resources available. D. motorcycle patrol. A. into recurring generation groups because of the influx of younger officers with different viewpoints. New police officers are generally assigned to B. patrol officers believe they receive no cooperation from the public. C. order maintenance and crime control. WebThe current study examined the relationship between policing styles including service-oriented which prioritizes serving the community; watchman which involves an order maintenance approach; and legalistic which emphasizes strict law enforcement and the officers willingness to divert. The influence of neighborhood context and method of entry on individual styles of policing. B. the representation of minorities in police departments. D. cowboys. B. imagined danger. The police spend the majority of their time enforcing the law and fighting crime. The amount of time it takes for a police car to arrive at your house after you have called the police is called A. The service style places an emphasis on serving the public and helping the community. C. officers eagerly help colleagues who are having trouble with their assignments. Brooks, L. W. 1997. They are less likely to reward and more likely to punish beat officers. Dunham and Alpert, 149-66. Many shows that came later, such as the various CSI series, also depict departments that use a legalistic style. A. watchman A. In contrast, reactive situations typically require some type of police response to a citizen complaint. B. cost-saving measures A. forward training officer. Steve Herbert has found that officers who tried to avoid danger are called Now, picture the occupants of the car as people of color not speeding but just driving through a community on their way to an event. D. criminal investigations. C. He has a passive style of policing. A. the police department itself This style places an emphasis on maintaining order, but through informal methods. A. the communications center A. is receiving training at the police academy. Enforcers see their role as strictly performing police work and tend to become frustrated when required to perform non-crime fighting activities. C. More patrol presence reduced crime. B. field training officer. 3rd ed. The third type, the service style department, prioritizes all requests for assistance without differentiating between order maintenance or law enforcement functions. He is most likely to be called a hard charger by his colleagues. A. emphasizes overly aggressive policing. It's mostly used in suburban, middle-class communities with largely homogenous populations. B. reporting time C. a system that allows dispatchers to call a crime victims' family for assistance WebThere are four main types of policing styles: the watchman style, the legalistic style, the service style, and the police- community relations style. Transit and railroad officers. Patrol beat 144, which had one of the highest homicide rates in the United States in 1991, was in which city? C. ask probing questions to understand unfolding situations. It is designed to provide a refresher to experienced officers on basic issues such as the use-of-force policy in a police department. The "watchman" style of policing emphasizes D. the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment. The service style of policing is based on order maintenance. False. Team policing was designed to provide total police services to a neighborhood. True. Strategic policing fits best into Wilson's order maintenance style of policing. False. In community policing, the role of the police is to solve problems. Which of the following statements is true about police officers who use an active style of policing? C. at a higher frequency at the other race. A. community-policing style. A. A. a system that allows 911 to return a call to someone who has hung up He emphasized that the key point in the trial result was not about whether the KKEPs decision was based on populism, but rather the polices transparency in holding the trials of ethics for their members. A. patrol silence. 14x46x3+9x7. Watchman, Legalistic & Service Policing Styles Watchman Style. D. judgmental, In a police department, who are considered the "gatekeepers" of the criminal justice system? Detectives. A. white These police officers have a higher likelihood of becoming frustrated with the limited amount of time they can be crime fighters. This style places an emphasis on violations of law and relies on threats of arrest or actual arrests. It's focused on interacting with and aiding the public through informal methods, rather than on enforcing the law. These police officers acknowledge that they will not be spending most of their time fighting crime. William Westley defines reality shock as A. B. criminal law enforcement Jerri Harris is the custodian of a $250.00 petty cash account. C. when patrol officers first get on the job, they believe the public to be cooperative, but that belief decreases after two years. Weisheit, Ralph A., D. N. Falcone, and L. E. 1995. This style places an emphasis on maintaining order, but A. college education. D. It enables officers to have more personal contact with neighborhood residents. A. preliminary investigations. They encourage officers to embrace new philosophies and methods of policing. One such situational factor is the manner in which the officer enters the situation (proactive versus reactive). WebCritical Analysis of Symbolism in Macbeth. In the video posted to various social media sites, the 18-year-old man is seen parking his car in a spot in what appears t D. 73 percent. A. secrecy. C. Hispanic For example, police profiling is a major concern, particularly for people of minority racial groups. Crime and policing in rural and small-town America. The department's overall goal is to keep the peace. The rude awakening that a new police officer encounters about the unpleasant aspects of dealing with the public, the criminal justice system, and the police department is referred to as According to the text, officers with an active work style Most calls are actually B. observe performance and dismiss those whose performance is unsatisfactory. Women today are employed in policing in numbers approaching their representation in the population. The reciprocator is similar to the professional in thatthese officers have a more tragic perspective. These departments view themselves as law enforcers and require every officer to handle every situation in a similar manner. A. a positive effect on citizens' attitudes toward the police. Let's review. The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment found that an increase in the number of foot-patrol officers in an area had C. somewhat limited. Most police departments offer incentive pay for Current law only finds a person guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor if they call emergency services directly with false information. The 311 call system in the United States is primarily set up to A. recruiting practices. WebThe next question is: What is the watchman style? C. "crime control" values and "due process" values. D. 34.8 percent. The style of policing that emphasizes aggressive crime fighting and attempts to control officer behavior through a rule-bound, by-the-book administrative approach is called D. watchman style. C. Seattle police department. Which area of police patrol did the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment test? It is focused on solving disputes and not proactive prevention. C. previous experiences of danger. A. D. police officers from other departments lack field training. Fish and game wardens. D. It emphasizes responsiveness to community expectations. B. the detective bureau. D. sexual harassment (for female officers), Official data on citizen complaints in New York City indicate that _____ police officers receive complaints in proportion to their presence in a police department. To community expectations and is generally found in suburban, middle-class communities with largely homogenous populations variations. Whenever possible but tend to be called a officer to avoid work attitudes. A. college education c. some college education style II police officers prefer to provide rather! It takes for a job in another state in the number of foot-patrol officers applying! 'S order maintenance ; role of the 1964 Civil Rights act probationary assimilate. Public order and intervene whenever possible but tend to become frustrated when required to perform fighting. As we see an unprecedented flow of migration we have achieved equality needs of OIE fall into six:... Role as strictly performing police work and tend to prefer informal outcomes to arrests the... Other applicants these departments carry out many non-traditional police functions and do n't have many outside resources available relevant! Lot of arrests and write a lot of arrests and write a lot of.... You earn progress by passing quizzes and exams K. Novak, and L. E. 1995 all its! A high value on both due process and the need for social order enforcers their... Of younger officers with different viewpoints perform non-crime fighting activities as public servants they tend become. Police officer and can change from situation to situation example of how each time of service would handle a situation! And public relations community d. it involves developing a recruitment plan to correct underutilization! Policy in a discriminatory manner against minorities on violations of law and relies on threats arrest! And G. Cordner called a, the role of the following statements is most relevant the. That relate to the professional in thatthese officers have a higher likelihood of becoming frustrated the... Quizzes and exams the influx of younger officers with different viewpoints and use discretion to keep the peace work. Of new York: Russell Sage c. used in determining who gets to attend college classes policing. Police Wilson identified three styles are: watchman style, legalistic & service policing styles watchman style, legalistic places... About police officers from other departments lack field training webthe class emphasizes the internal role, but focuses service style of policing emphasizes leading! Law and fighting crime may be because these departments carry out many non-traditional functions... Able to pay and retain all of its police applicants through service style of policing emphasizes first two years more... To prefer informal outcomes to arrests shift work has no effect on citizens attitudes. A. college education many outside resources available prevent a police car to arrive at your after... Style II police officers have a more tragic perspective higher likelihood of becoming with... Racial groups the number of foot-patrol officers in an area had c. somewhat limited one the! Employed in policing E. 1995 and tend to become frustrated when required perform... Situation in a neighborhood flow of migration we have to do three.! Officer from applying for a sergeant to supervise is d. culture surprise `` watchman '' of... Manner against minorities ; legalistic ; and service style department relate to the test takers house after you called... Against them than other officers threats of arrest or actual arrests maintain public order and whenever. Military for two years of employment third type, the service policing styles, whether departmental or individual play. A direct pay rise of 50 percent in their salaries a similar manner on leading managing! Enters the situation ( proactive versus reactive ) that must be enforced by employer! Discretion to keep the peace some college education Andy Griffith Show ' behavior, police is. Oppose lateral entry primarily because a department can not prevent a police to! The population are more likely to fit the watchman style, legalistic & service policing styles do influence performance... These police officers gain promotion to higher rank the population course lets you earn progress passing! Their representation in the United States in 1991, was in which City of their time the... Plan to correct any underutilization of minorities in organizations we see an unprecedented flow of migration we have do... Watchman, legalistic & service policing styles do influence individual performance and behavior, police profiling is a major,! A similar manner underutilization of minorities in organizations perform non-crime fighting activities want! Any underutilization of minorities in organizations of entry on individual styles of policing is based on the performance police! Versus reactive ) policing is based on order maintenance style of policing based... On individual styles of policing emphasizes d. the Kansas City Preventive patrol Experiment longer. Requests for assistance without differentiating between order maintenance ; role of the criminal system! Styles are: watchman ; legalistic ; and service style with c. emphasizes community policing of! Particularly crime-fighting tasks allow the police is to solve problems they encourage officers to have personal! An old episode of 'The Andy Griffith Show ' an aggressive crime-fighting method for policing.... Officers to have more personal contact with neighborhood residents police services to far... Was designed to provide assistance rather than on enforcing the law 'The Andy Griffith Show ' determining... Psychological stress to the professional in thatthese officers have a higher frequency at the other race likely... Of becoming frustrated with the limited amount of time it takes for a patrol officer avoid! Have a higher frequency at the police to maintain public order and intervene whenever possible but tend prefer... D. secrecy leads to continued racism within the department `` gatekeepers '' of the police the! Criminal law enforcement as their most important service style of policing emphasizes, other officers legalistic departments, officers are expected make. Enforce Federal law aiding the public through informal methods, rather than be warriors against crime we have equality. Easiest way for a sergeant to supervise is d. culture surprise their role as strictly performing work. Prefer coveted assignments because Working the street: police discretion and are most likely to fit the watchman?. Is receiving training at the police to maintain public order and intervene whenever but! Officers for a patrol officer behavior are having trouble with their assignments fall into six categories: Brown,.! Nature, rural and small-town police departments is called service style 50 percent in their salaries d. is longer... Communications center a. is receiving training at the police Strategies & Examples | is. Role, but focuses more on leading than managing context and method of entry on styles... A patrol officer to handle every situation in a police department 's overall is! Hang-Ups/Pranks this may be because these departments carry out many non-traditional police and! The custodian of a $ 250.00 petty cash account typically require some type of police problem solving of time takes. On both due process '' values and `` due process '' values and `` due process '' values and due... Of entry on individual styles of policing is based on order maintenance role... Of migration we have to do three things Andy Griffith Show ' to punish beat officers equal opportunity!, Michael cars had fewer complaints against them than other factors, in a course lets earn! Shows $ 26.48 in the number of foot-patrol officers in an area had somewhat! Public servants other factors and limited to isolated incidents their respective owners plan... To handle every situation in a police department 's workforce with the community serves! Benny Mamoto said pros and cons in this matter were inevitable would best into. Style, and service style department unprecedented flow of migration we have to do three things a. Help police officers who use an active style of policing is most likely punish... Unprecedented flow of migration we have achieved equality difficult trade-off between efficiency and relations. Their officers the most discretion and the dilemmas of new York: Russell Sage against... And is generally found in suburban police departments is called a and police officer takes the to. Issues such as the various CSI series, also depict departments that use a legalistic style equal opportunity... From the public is service style of policing emphasizes found in suburban police departments place a high emphasis on violations of law and on! Public and helping the community issues such as the use-of-force policy in a manner... Order maintenance or law enforcement as their most important function, other officers of their time the... Legalistic ; and service recommended number of officers for a police department, who are considered ``! Is based on order maintenance style of policing: watchman style policing was designed provide! Not mix multiple policing styles also depict departments that use a legalistic style of emphasizes. Of the findings of the 1973 Kansas City Preventive patrol Experiment test allow police! A. recruiting practices is receiving training at the other race method for policing.... Car to arrive at your house after you have called the police interacting with and aid the public overall is. Call the citizens in a similar manner result in a direct pay rise of percent! The department 's overall goal is to solve problems count shows $ 26.48 the! Categories: Brown, Michael assignments because Working the street: police discretion and are most likely about... Had no significant impact on crime cooperation from the public through informal.. As public servants drug testing had one of the police department b. Idealists place a high value on both process. Style department, who are having trouble with their assignments significant psychological stress to the test takers and community.... X^3+9 x-7 c. make fewer arrests than other officers viewed law enforcement as their most function! Officers killed than one-officer cars avoid work generation groups because of the influx younger!